Methodology for development of drought Severity-Duration-Frequency (SDF) Curves

Drought monitoring and early warning are essential elements impacting drought sensitive sectors such as primary production, industrial and consumptive water users. A quantitative estimate of the probability of occurrence and the anticipated severity of drought is crucial for the development of mitigating strategies. The overall aim of this study is to develop a methodology to assess drought frequency and severity and to advance the understanding of monitoring and predicting droughts in the future. Seventy (70) meteorological stations across Victoria, Australia were selected for analysis. To achieve the above objective, the analysis was initially carried out to select the most applicable meteorological drought index for Victoria. This is important because to date, no drought indices are applied across Australia by any Commonwealth agency quantifying drought impacts. An evaluation of existing meteorological drought indices namely, the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI), the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and Deciles was first conducted to assess their suitability for the determination of drought conditions. The use of the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) was shown to be satisfactory for assessing and monitoring meteorological droughts in Australia. When applied to data, SPI was also successful in detecting the onset and the end of historical droughts. Temporal changes in historic rainfall variability and the trend of SPI were investigated using non-parametric trend techniques to detect wet and dry periods across Victoria, Australia. The first part of the analysis was carried out to determine annual rainfall trends using Mann Kendall (MK) and Sen’s slope tests at five selected meteorological stations with long historical records (more than 100 years), as well as a short sub-set period (1949-2011) of the same data set. It was found that different trend results were obtained for the sub-set. For SPI trend analysis, it was observed that, although different results were obtained showing significant trends, SPI gave a trend direction similar to annual precipitation (downward and upward trends). In addition, temporal trends in the rate of occurrence of drought events (i.e. inter-arrival times) were examined. The fact that most of the stations showed negative slopes indicated that the intervals between events were becoming shorter and the frequency of events was temporally increasing. Based on the results obtained from the preliminary analysis, the trend analyses were then carried out for the remaining 65 stations. The main conclusions from these analyses are summarized as follows; 1) the trend analysis was observed to be highly dependent on the start and end dates of analysis. It is recommended that in the selection of time period for the drought, trend analysis should consider the length xvi of available data sets. Longer data series would give more meaningful results, thus improving the understanding of droughts impacted by climate change. 2) From the SPI and inter-arrival drought trends, it was observed that some of the study areas in Victoria will face more frequent dry period leading to increased drought occurrence. Information similar to this would be very important to develop suitable strategies to mitigate the impacts of future droughts. The main objective of this study was the development of a methodology to assess drought risk for each region based on a frequency analysis of the drought severity series using the SPI index calculated over a 12-month duration. A novel concept centric on drought severity-duration-frequency (SDF) curves was successfully derived for all the 70 stations using an innovative threshold approach. The methodology derived using extreme value analysis will assist in the characterization of droughts and provide useful information to policy makers and agencies developing drought response plans. Using regionalisation techniques such as Cluster analysis and modified Andrews curve, the study area was separated into homogenous groups based on rainfall characteristics. In the current Victorian application the study area was separated into six homogeneous clusters with unique signatures. A set of mean SDF curves was developed for each cluster to identify the frequency and severity of the risk of drought events for various return periods in each cluster. The advantage of developing a mean SDF curve (as a signature) for each cluster is that it assists the understanding of drought conditions for an ungauged or unknown station, the characteristics of which fit existing cluster groups. Non-homogeneous Markov Chain modelling was used to estimate the probability of different drought severity classes and drought severity class predictions 1, 2 and 3 months ahead. The non-homogeneous formulation, which considers the seasonality of precipitation, is useful for understanding the evolution of drought events and for short-term planning. Overall, this model predicted drought situations 1 month ahead well. However, predictions 2 and 3 months ahead should be used with caution. Many parts of Australia including Victoria have experienced their worst droughts on record over the last decade. With the threat of climate change potentially further exacerbating droughts in the years ahead, a clear understanding of the impact of droughts is vital. The information on the probability of occurrence and the anticipated severity of drought will be helpful for water resources managers, infrastructure planners and government policy-makers with future infrastructure planning and with the design and building of more resilient communities

Recuperación de Información sobre Patentes: Comparación de Recuperación de Información Web Entre Patentscope y Google Patents

The goal is to present the main free and open access search engines such as PATENTSCOPE and Google Patents. It also seeks to verify the information retrieval system, which seeks to transform the user's information needs into a list or collection of documents whose content satisfies that need. We present the comparison of both verifying each one independently and then, a summary table. Finally, it is concluded that the constant search for inventions can make the difference between the positions of competences between global companies; It is for this reason that patents prove to be a source of reliable information on the subjects of interest of the people or companies. Pantestscope and Google Patents allows you to download as much data as a table for future analysis of the information. Keywords: Information retrieval, Patents, Patentscope, Google Patents, We

Corporate Governance Practices and Firm Performance: Evidence from Top 100 Public Listed Companies in Malaysia

AbstractCorporate governance practices have been a concerned issue by many Asian countries after the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 including Malaysia. Due to the crisis, Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance (MCCG) has been introduced as part of the Bursa Malaysia (BMB) listing rules. This study hence focuses on corporate governance practices among Top 100 public listed companies in Bursa Malaysia and the relationship between corporate governance practices with firm performance. Two corporate governance's indicators (Board size and Board Independence) were chosen in testing the hypothesized relationship between corporate governance practices with firm performance, which was measured by return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). Descriptive and correlation analysis were used to examine the hypotheses in this study. The result showed that board size has significantly weak negative relationship with ROA but it was found to be insignificant to ROE. The other finding indicated that there was no relationship between board independence and firm performance. This study provide useful information for policy makers or regulators in improving the corporate governance policies in the future and also helps in increasing understanding on the relationship between corporate governance practices and firm's performance

Towards Mobile Edge Computing: Taxonomy, Challenges, Applications and Future Realms

The realm of cloud computing has revolutionized access to cloud resources and their utilization and applications over the Internet. However, deploying cloud computing for delay critical applications and reducing the delay in access to the resources are challenging. The Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) paradigm is one of the effective solutions, which brings the cloud computing services to the proximity of the edge network and leverages the available resources. This paper presents a survey of the latest and state-of-the-art algorithms, techniques, and concepts of MEC. The proposed work is unique in that the most novel algorithms are considered, which are not considered by the existing surveys. Moreover, the chosen novel literature of the existing researchers is classified in terms of performance metrics by describing the realms of promising performance and the regions where the margin of improvement exists for future investigation for the future researchers. This also eases the choice of a particular algorithm for a particular application. As compared to the existing surveys, the bibliometric overview is provided, which is further helpful for the researchers, engineers, and scientists for a thorough insight, application selection, and future consideration for improvement. In addition, applications related to the MEC platform are presented. Open research challenges, future directions, and lessons learned in area of the MEC are provided for further future investigation

A conceptual framework for mechatronics curriculum using stufflebeam CIPP evaluation model

Evaluation means a study that has been established and implemented to help the observer to assess the value and merit of an object. This evaluation can be performed on any activities that have the aim. The model also visualize a conceptual representation of an activity about their relationship between the various elements that been involved in such activities. By using the model, assessment activities can be conducted completely and significant. The researcher choose Stufflebeam CIPP evaluation model because of its effectiveness to get results of formative and summative, to find the decision, and also problem solving ability. In this paper, the author is trying to define the stage dimensional and elements context, input, process and product in Mechatronics curriculum implementation. The method that been used are the analysis of documents, with reference of previous studies. Reviewing of literature can be used as a guide to researchers. As a results, the researchers will identify the aspects of the study based on the dimensions of context, input, process and product. Conceptual framework was intended to be used in the implementation of the evaluation study of Diploma in Mechatronic Engineering in polytechnic toward the needs of industry in Malaysia. In fact, this aspect of the study can be used to assess the Mechatronics program in terms of overall performance and significant. Stufflebeam CIPP evaluation model been used and designed not only to prove a decision but acts as a fixer where the information can be used as a guide for designing a program

Mobile clinical decision support systems and applications: a literature and commercial review

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10916-013-0004-y[EN] Background: The latest advances in eHealth and mHealth have propitiated the rapidly creation and expansion of mobile applications for health care. One of these types of applications are the clinical decision support systems, which nowadays are being implemented in mobile apps to facilitate the access to health care professionals in their daily clinical decisions. Objective: The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, to make a review of the current systems available in the literature and in commercial stores. Secondly, to analyze a sample of applications in order to obtain some conclusions and recommendations. Methods: Two reviews have been done: a literature review on Scopus, IEEE Xplore, Web of Knowledge and PubMed and a commercial review on Google play and the App Store. Five applications from each review have been selected to develop an in-depth analysis and to obtain more information about the mobile clinical decision support systems. Results: 92 relevant papers and 192 commercial apps were found. 44 papers were focused only on mobile clinical decision support systems. 171 apps were available on Google play and 21 on the App Store. The apps are designed for general medicine and 37 different specialties, with some features common in all of them despite of the different medical fields objective. Conclusions: The number of mobile clinical decision support applications and their inclusion in clinical practices has risen in the last years. However, developers must be careful with their interface or the easiness of use, which can impoverish the experience of the users.This research has been partially supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain. This research has been partially supported by the ICT-248765 EU-FP7 Project. This research has been partially supported by the IPT-2011-1126-900000 project under the INNPACTO 2011 program, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.Martínez Pérez, B.; De La Torre Diez, I.; López Coronado, M.; Sainz De Abajo, B.; Robles Viejo, M.; García Gómez, JM. (2014). Mobile clinical decision support systems and applications: a literature and commercial review. Journal of Medical Systems. 38(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-013-0004-yS110381Van De Belt, T. H., Engelen, L. J., Berben, S. A., and Schoonhoven, L., Definition of Health 2.0 and Medicine 2.0: A systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2010:12(2), 2012.Oh, H., Rizo, C., Enkin, M., and Jadad, A., What is eHealth (3): A systematic review of published definitions. J Med Internet Res 7(1):1, 2005. PMID: 15829471.World Health Organization (2011) mHealth: New horizons for health through mobile technologies: Based on the findings of the second global survey on eHealth (Global Observatory for eHealth Series, Volume 3). World Health Organization. 2011. ISBN: 9789241564250Lin, C., Mobile telemedicine: A survey study. J Med Syst April 36(2):511–520, 2012.El Khaddar, M.A., Harroud, H., Boulmalf, M., Elkoutbi, M., Habbani, A., Emerging wireless technologies in e-health Trends, challenges, and framework design issues. 2012 International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS). 440–445, 2012.Luanrattana, R., Win, K. T., Fulcher, J., and Iverson, D., Mobile technology use in medical education. J Med Syst 36(1):113–122, 2012.Yang, S. C., Mobile applications and 4 G wireless networks: A framework for analysis. Campus-Wide Information Systems 29(5):344–357, 2012.Kumar, B., Singh, S.P., Mohan, A., Emerging mobile communication technologies for health. 2010 International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology, ICCCT-2010; Allahabad; pp. 828–832, 2010.Yan, H., Huo, H., Xu, Y., and Gidlund, M., Wireless sensor network based E-health system—implementation and experimental results. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 56(4):2288–2295, 2010.IDC (2013) Press release: Strong demand for smartphones and heated vendor competition characterize the worldwide mobile phone market at the end of 2012. http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS23916413#.UVBKiRdhWCn . Accessed 11 September 2013.IDC (2012) IDC Raises its worldwide tablet forecast on continued strong demand and forthcoming new product launches. http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS23696912#.US9x86JhWCl . Accessed 11 September 2013.International Data Corporation (2013) Android and iOS combine for 91.1 % of the worldwide smartphone OS market in 4Q12 and 87.6 % for the year. http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS23946013 . Accessed 11 September 2013.Jones, C., (2013) Apple and Google continue to gain US Smartphone market share. Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckjones/2013/01/04/apple-and-google-continue-to-gain-us-smartphone-market-share/ . Accessed 11 September 2013.Apple (2013) iTunes. http://www.apple.com/itunes/ . Accessed 11 September 2013.Google (2013) Google play. https://play.google.com/store . Accessed 11 September 2013.Rowinski, D., (2013) The data doesn’t lie: iOS apps are better than android. Readwrite mobile. http://readwrite.com/2013/01/30/the-data-doesnt-lie-ios-apps-are-better-quality-than-android . Accessed 11 September 2013.Rajan, S. P., and Rajamony, S., Viable investigations and real-time recitation of enhanced ECG-based cardiac telemonitoring system for homecare applications: A systematic evaluation. Telemed J E Health 19(4):278–286, 2013.Logan, A. G., Transforming hypertension management using mobile health technology for telemonitoring and self-care support. Can J Cardiol 29(5):579–585, 2013.Tamrat, T., and Kachnowski, S., Special delivery: An analysis of mHealth in maternal and newborn health programs and their outcomes around the world. Matern Child Health J 16(5):1092–1101, 2012.Martínez-Pérez, B., de la Torre-Díez, I., López-Coronado, M., and Herreros-González, J., Mobile Apps in Cardiology: Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 1(2):e15, 2013.de Wit HA, Mestres Gonzalvo C, Hurkens KP, Mulder WJ, Janknegt R, et al., Development of a computer system to support medication reviews in nursing homes. Int J Clin Pharm. 26, 2013.Dahlström, O., Thyberg, I., Hass, U., Skogh, T., and Timpka, T., Designing a decision support system for existing clinical organizational structures: Considerations from a rheumatology clinic. J Med Syst 30(5):325–31, 2006.Lambin P, Roelofs E, Reymen B, Velazquez ER, Buijsen J, et al., ‘Rapid learning health care in oncology’ - An approach towards decision support systems enabling customised radiotherapy’. Radiother Oncol. 27, 2013.Graham, T. A., Bullard, M. J., Kushniruk, A. W., Holroyd, B. R., and Rowe, B. H., Assessing the sensibility of two clinical decision support systems. J Med Syst 32(5):361–8, 2008.Martínez-Pérez, B., de la Torre-Díez, I., and López-Coronado, M., Mobile health applications for the most prevalent conditions by the World Health Organization: Review and analysis. J Med Internet Res 15(6):e120, 2013.Savel, T. G., Lee, B. A., Ledbetter, G., Brown, S., LaValley, D., et al., PTT advisor: A CDC-supported initiative to develop a mobile clinical laboratory decision support application for the iOS platform. Online J Public Health Inform 5(2):215, 2013.Doctor Doctor Inc. (2009) iDoc. iTunes. https://itunes.apple.com/es/app/idoc/id328354734?mt=8 . Accessed 13 September 2013.Hardyman, W., Bullock, A., Brown, A., Carter-Ingram, S., and Stacey, M., Mobile technology supporting trainee doctors’ workplace learning and patient care: An evaluation. BMC Med Educ 13:6, 2013.Lee, N. J., Chen, E. S., Currie, L. M., Donovan, M., Hall, E. K., et al., The effect of a mobile clinical decision support system on the diagnosis of obesity and overweight in acute and primary care encounters. ANS Adv Nurs Sci 32(3):211–21, 2009.Divall, P., Camosso-Stefinovic, J., and Baker, R., The use of personal digital assistants in clinical decision making by health care professionals: A systematic review. Health Informatics J 19(1):16–28, 2013.Chignell, M, and Yesha, Y, Lo, J., New methods for clinical decision support in hospitals. In Proceedings of the 2010 Conference of the Center for Advanced Studies on Collaborative Research (CASCON’10). Toronto, ON; Canada, 2010Charani, E., Kyratsis, Y., Lawson, W., Wickens, H., Brannigan, E. T., et al., An analysis of the development and implementation of a smartphone application for the delivery of antimicrobial prescribing policy: Lessons learnt. J Antimicrob Chemother 68(4):960–7, 2013.Klucken, J., Barth, J., Kugler, P., Schlachetzki, J., Henze, T., et al., Unbiased and mobile gait analysis detects motor impairment in Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One 8(2):e56956, 2013.Hervás, R., Fontecha, J., Ausín, D., Castanedo, F., Bravo, J., et al., Mobile monitoring and reasoning methods to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Sensors (Basel) 13(5):6524–41, 2013.Di Noia, T., Ostuni, V. C., Pesce, F., Binetti, G., Naso, N., et al., An end stage kidney disease predictor based on an artificial neural networks ensemble. Expert Syst Appl 40(11):4438–4445, 2013.Velikova, M., van Scheltinga, J. T., Lucas, P. J. F., and Spaanderman, M., Exploiting causal functional relationships in Bayesian network modelling for personalised healthcare. Int J Approx Reason, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.ijar.2013.03.016 .Medical Data Solutions (2012) Pediatric clinical pathways. Google play. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ipathways . Accessed 17 September 2013.QxMD Medical Software Inc. (2013) Calculate by QxMD. Google play. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.qxmd.calculate . Accessed 17 September 2013.Skyscape (2012) ACC pocket guides. Google play. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.skyscape.packagefiveepkthreeundata.android.voucher.ui . Accessed 17 September 2013.Skyscape (2013) Skyscape medical resources. Google play. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.skyscape.android.ui&hl=en . Accessed 17 September 2013.Pieter Kubben, M.D., (2012) NeuroMind. Google play. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=eu.dign.NeuroMind . Accessed 17 September 2013.Mobile Systems, Inc. (2013) 2013 Medical diagnosis TR. Google play. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mobisystems.msdict.embedded.wireless.mcgrawhill.cmdt2013 . Accessed 17 September 2013.World Health Organization (2013) The global burden of disease: 2004 update. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf . Accessed 18 September 2013.Martínez-Pérez, B., de la Torre-Díez, I., Candelas-Plasencia, S., and López-Coronado, M., Development and evaluation of tools for measuring the Quality of Experience (QoE) in mHealth applications. J Med Syst 37(5):9976, 2013

Machine learning techniques to detect bleeding frame and area in wireless capsule endoscopy video

Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) allows direct visual inspecting of the full digestive system of the patient without invasion and pain, at the price of a long examination by physicians of a large number of photographs. This research presents a new approach to color extraction to differentiate bleeding frames from normal ones and locate more bleeding areas. We have a dual-system suggestion. We use entire color information on the WCE pictures and the pixel-represented clustering approach to get the clustered centers that characterize WCE pictures as words. Then we evaluate the status of a WCE framework using the nearby SVM and K methods (KNN). The classification performance is 95.75% accurate for the AUC 0.9771% and validates the exciting performance for bleeding classification provided by the suggested approach. Second, we present a two-step approach for extracting saliency maps to emphasize bleeding locations with a distinct color channel mixer to build a first-stage salience map. The second stage salience map was taken with optical contrast.We locate bleeding spots following a suitable fusion approach and threshold. Quantitative and qualitative studies demonstrate that our approaches can correctly distinguish bleeding sites from neighborhood

Machine learning techniques to detect bleeding frame and area in wireless capsule endoscopy video

Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) allows direct visual inspecting of the full digestive system of the patient without invasion and pain, at the price of a long examination by physicians of a large number of photographs. This research presents a new approach to color extraction to differentiate bleeding frames from normal ones and locate more bleeding areas. We have a dual-system suggestion. We use entire color information on the WCE pictures and the pixel-represented clustering approach to get the clustered centers that characterize WCE pictures as words. Then we evaluate the status of a WCE framework using the nearby SVM and K methods (KNN). The classification performance is 95.75% accurate for the AUC 0.9771% and validates the exciting performance for bleeding classification provided by the suggested approach. Second, we present a two-step approach for extracting saliency maps to emphasize bleeding locations with a distinct color channel mixer to build a first-stage salience map. The second stage salience map was taken with optical contrast.We locate bleeding spots following a suitable fusion approach and threshold. Quantitative and qualitative studies demonstrate that our approaches can correctly distinguish bleeding sites from neighborhoods

Values reinforcement for college students: Their incidence in the municipality development agenda

The world is going through a great crisis of values, which shows the need to change the current model of formal education, in order to integrate programmatic contents that allow to build a world of values, raising the imminent need to reinforce them in higher education. As an objective, the values practiced by university students were analyzed, as well as their impact on the agenda for municipal development in Mexico, in order to generate strategies that allow them to reinforce them. It was carried out through a qualitative approach, making use of the in-depth interview and the descriptive method, employing phenomenology, based on a guide of 18 questions applied to 100 students, whose results were analyzed question-interview, emphasizing the recurrent answers, allowing students to carry out activities for municipal development through involvement in social work and social entrepreneurship projectsEl mundo atraviesa por una gran crisis de valores, lo cual evidencia la necesidad de cambiar el modelo vigente de educación formal, a fin de integrar contenidos programáticos que permitan construir un mundo de valores, planteando la inminente necesidad de reforzar éstos en la educación superior. Como objetivo se analizaron los va- lores practicados por estudiantes universitarios, así como su incidencia en la agenda para el desarrollo municipal en México, a fin de generar estrategias que les permitan re- forzarlos. Se llevó a cabo mediante un enfoque cualitativo, haciendo uso de la entrevista a profundidad y del método descriptivo, empleando la fenomenología, partiendo de una guía de 18 preguntas aplicadas a 100 estudiantes, cuyos resultados fueron analizados pregunta-entrevistados, haciendo hincapié en las respuestas recurrentes, dando pie a que los estudiantes realicen actividades para el desarrollo municipal mediante el involucramiento en labores socia- les y realización de proyectos de emprendimiento social

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research